Dubai le " bell ville"

Dubaï ou Doubaï est la ville la plus peuplée des Émirats arabes unis (devant la capitale fédérale Abou Dabi). Située sur le golfe Persique, elle est capitale de l'émirat de Dubaï, et compte plus d'un million d'habitants (cependant, avec les villes de Charjah, Ajman et Oumm al Qaïwaïn, elles-mêmes capitales de leurs émirats respectifs, elle forme une agglomération qui dépasse 2,3 millions d'habitants en 2010). Dubaï est également le premier port du pays.

Fondée au XVIII^e siècle, Dubaï reste un bourg modeste et isolé du monde qui vit essentiellement de la pêche aux perles à la fin du XIX^e siècle. À cette époque, tout comme l'émirat qui l'entoure, ils prennent de l'importance en participant à la création des États de la Trêve (Trucial States en anglais) en 1853.
Vivant une période difficile pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, avant d'entrer de plein fouet dans la modernité dans la deuxième partie du XX^e siècle, Dubaï participe à la création des Émirats arabes unis actuels en 1971 dont l'émir assure la vice-présidence.

Quoique n'étant pas la capitale des Émirats arabes unis, Dubaï est devenue la ville la plus connue de la fédération.

Cette renommée est due notamment à la médiatisation de ses projets touristiques comme l'hôtel Burj-Al-Arab, le plus luxueux et le plus « étoilé » du monde, au gigantisme des projets immobiliers comme Palm Islands, presqu'île artificielle en forme de palmier, The World, archipel artificiel qui reproduit la carte du monde, la Dubaï Marina à l'architecture particulière et démesurée, sans oublier l'immeuble le plus haut du monde, le Burj Khalifa.

Ces projets, revendiqués par le gouvernement, sont présentés comme étant un moyen de devenir d'ici quelques années la première destination mondiale du tourisme de luxe et de devenir l'un des pôles mondiaux du tourisme familial, d'affaires, commercial, etc

HISTORY DUBAI

La première mention du site de Dubaï remonte au Livre de géographie de l'Andalou Al-Bakri au X siècle. Localisé dans une des régions les plus inhospitalières d'Arabie, Dubaï demeure longtemps éclipsé par ses voisins, notamment Charjah et Ras el Khaïmah, au nord-est et près du détroit d'Ormuz, et Abou Dabi, au sud-ouest. En 1580, le marchand vénitien Gaspero Balbi, en voyage dans la région, évoque Dibei, bourgade qu'il associe à la pêche aux perles, et probablement composée uniquement de quelques huttes barasti. Celle-ci demeurera l'activité principale des habitants de la région, avec l'agriculture vivrière. Cependant, jusqu'à la fin du XVIII^e siècle, Dubaï est insignifiant par rapport aux autres ports précités, ainsi, que de Sohar (Oman) et Ormuz et Bandar Lengeh (Iran) et Dibba et Khor Fakkan (mer Arabique).

Qinghai Lake in china

Qinghai Lake or Tsongon Po (Chinese: 青海湖; Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་པོ། ) is the largest lake in People's Republic of China. Located in Qinghai province on an endorheic basin, Qinghai Lake is classified as a saline and alkaline lake. Qinghai Lake has a surface area of 4,317 square km; an average depth of 21m, and a maximum depth of 25.5m as measured in 2008. ^[2] Both the current Chinese name "Qinghai" and the older Mongolian name Kokonor translate to "Blue Lake" or "Teal Sea", are used in English. Qinghai Lake is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of the provincial capital ofXining (Tib:Ziling ཟི་ལིང་།) at 3,205 m (10,515 feet) above sea level in a depression of the Tibetan plateau.^[3] Twenty-three rivers and streams empty into Qinghai Lake, most of them seasonal. Five permanent streams provide 80% of total influx.^[4]

The lake has fluctuated in size, shrinking over much of the 20th century, but increasing since 2004. Despite its salinity, it has an abundance of fish, such as the edible naked carp (Gymnocypris 

HISTORY

Since the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Qinghai Lake was called the West Sea (Chinese: 西海; pinyin: Xī Hǎi), and substantial numbers of Han Chinese lived in the Xining valley.^[10] In the 17th century, Mongolic-speaking Oirat andKhalkha tribals migrated to Qinghai and became known as Qinghai Mongols.^[11] In 1724, the Qinghai Mongols led byLobzang Danjin revolted against China's Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). The Yongzheng Emperor, after putting down the rebellion, stripped away Qinghai's autonomy and imposed direct rule. Although some Tibetans lived around the lake, the Qing maintained an administrative division since the time of Güshi Khan between the Dalai Lama's western realm (a bit smaller than the current Tibet Autonomous Region) and the Tibetan-inhabited areas in the east. Yongzheng also sent Manchu and Han settlers to dilute the Mongols.^[12]

During the Republican era (1912-1949), an annual ceremony was conducted to the God of the Lake. By this time, the Han people formed a majority of QinghaiProvince's residents, although Hui people ("Chinese Muslims") dominated the government.^[13] The Kuomintang Hui General Ma Bufang, the Governor of Qinghai, and other high ranking Qinghai and Chinese government officials attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national Anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of Kuomintang party founder Dr. Sun Zhongshan, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.^[14] Ma Bufang invited Kazakh Muslims to attend the Ceremony honoring the God.^[15]

After the 1949 Chinese revolution, refugees from the 1950s Anti-Rightist Movement settled in the area west of Qinghai Lake.^[10] After the Chinese economic reformin the 1980s, increasing numbers of Chinese began to migrate to the lake because of business opportunities. However, the increased human density caused ecological stress, as "fresh grass production in Gangcha County north of the lake had declined from a mean of 2,057 kilograms per hectare to 1,271 in 1987". In 2001, the State Forestry Administration of China launched the "retire cropland, restore grasslands" (退耕，还草) campaign and started confiscating Tibetan and Mongol pastoralists' guns allegedly in order to preserve the endangered Przewalski's gazelle that they had been encroaching upon.

Tourism in Turkey( Istanbul )

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. In recent years, Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care tourism. In 2011,Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists,^[1] ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.^[2]

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it will build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7 billion euros and will have its first part of a four part plan completed by 2017

:ISTANBUL

Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 14.1 million, the city forms the largest urban agglomeration in Europe,^[d]second largest in the Middle East and the fifth-largest city in the world by population within city limits.^[2][3]Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is the administrative capital.^[c] Istanbul is a transcontinental city, straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical centre lies in Europe, while a third of its population lives in Asia.^[4]

Founded on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BC as Byzantium, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires: the Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922).^[5] It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the last caliphate.^[6] Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital in Ankara, palaces and imperial mosques still line Istanbul's hills as visible reminders of the city's previous central role.

Istanbul's strategic position along the historic Silk Road,^[7] rail networks to Europe and the Middle East, and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have helped foster an eclectic populace, although less so since the establishment of the Republic in 1923. Overlooked for the new capital during the interwar period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have flocked to the metropolis and city limits have expanded to accommodate them.^[8][9] Arts festivals were established at the end of the 20th century, while infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network.

Approximately 11.6 million foreign visitors arrived in Istanbul in 2012, two years after it was named a European Capital of Culture, making the city the world's fifth-most-popular tourist destination.^[10] The city's biggest draw remains its historic center, partially listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but its cultural and entertainment hub can be found across the city's natural harbor, the Golden Horn, in the Beyoğlu district. Considered a global city,^[11] Istanbul is one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world.^[12] It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the country's gross domestic product.^[13] Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years